贝多芬是维也纳古典乐派的巨匠。他所创作的作品具有极高的艺术价值。通过对贝多芬钢琴奏鸣曲Op.7第二乐章的调性布局研究，探讨贝多芬这一音乐的魅力及真正价值。

Beethoven (1770 - 1827) , is a great master of Viennese classical school . It has the extremely artistic value of all his works .Base on the research of Second Movement of Piano Sonata Op.7 about mode layout , the author of this paper explores his musical charm and artistic value .

学界的研究和条约法的实践表明，对于国际法是否具有体系、是否存在位阶，以及《维也纳条约法公约》第31.3条（c）项的含义、作用等问题，尚存较大分歧。由于国际法的体系化与碎片化、开放性与自足性并存，基于共同的价值和初步位阶基础，现存国际法是个发展中的不完备体系。“碎片化”损害了国际法的体系性，其产生的原因较复杂，包括国际法本身的局限、执法者的缺失、国际关系的演变等。本文探讨了《维也纳条约法公约》第31.3条（c）项所具有的整合功能和发展功能，从条约解释角度维护国际法的体系性，这不失为减少“碎片化”的有效途径。但该方法尚存局限性，国际法体系现状决定于国际社会权力结构的现实仍难以撼动。

According to recent academic studies and legal practices,there remain many disagreements a-bout whether international law is systemic and hierarchical and the meaning and the role of Art.31.3(c)of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.Due to the coexistence of its systemization,fragmentation, openness and self-containedness,current international law is an incomplete and developing system based on common values and initial hierarchy.Fragmentation jeopardizes its systematicity.The causes are compli-cated,including the limits of international law,the absence of lawmakers,and the evolution of international relations.This paper analyzes the function of integration and development of Art.3 1.3 (c )of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.From the perspective of maintaining the international law system,Art. 31.3(c)is an effective method to reduce fragmentation;but it also has limits:it is quite solid that the cur-rent international law system is determined by the power

塔列朗是19世纪法国资产阶级外交家重要代表人物之一,被誉为法国外交之父。他在维也纳会上取得的外交胜利,创造了世界近现代外交史上的奇迹。李鸿章也是19世纪近代中国历史上一位举足轻重的外交人物,他代表清政府经办了许许多多的对外事务,但大都是难逃失败的厄运。文章试从当时的国际背景、人物外交手腕以及人物性格方面论述造成此种不同结果的原因。

Talleyrand who is known as the father of French diplomacy is an important French bourgeois diplomat in the 19th century. His diplomatic victory at the meeting in Vienna created a miracle in the modern diplomatic history of the world. Li Hongzhang also is a significant diplomatic figure in the modern Chinese history in the 19th century. He represents the Qing government managed a lot of foreign affairs, but most cases are not escaped the fate of failure. The article tries to analyze the cause of such different results from the international background, the character of diplomacy as well as the personality aspects.

UNCLOS中尚存"灰色区域",没有对"海洋科研"、"军事测量"等词语进行界定,导致条款的不同解释和争端。主要原因在于其既是政治性协定又是法律协定。UNCLOS的大部分内容都相互联系并构成一个整体,为"一揽子交易"。美国并未批准UNCLOS,却常选择性援引相关权利条款,规避义务。根据《维也纳条约法公约》规定,第三方享有条约下的权利并非没有任何限制;第三方应受习惯国际法规则和强行法的约束;应根据VCLT来解释UNCLOS。应在整个国际法体系下理解条约对第三方的法律效力以及"海洋科研"条款的含义。

“Gray areas"remain in UNCLOS because of its not defining "marine scientific research”or “military measure”,leading to different interpretations and disputes.The main reason lies in its being a political and legal agree-ment.As a package deal,UNCLOS has formed a whole.The U.S.A has not approved UNCLOS,yet often applies relevant right provisions,evading obligations.According to VCLT,a third party shall not have the right under the treaty without any restriction,which shall also be bound by customary international law and jus cogens.UNCLOS shall be interpreted accord-ing to the VCLT.The legal effect to the third party and the meaning of MSR clause should be understood under the whole international law system.

眼科学属于显微外科，解剖结构复杂精细，临床实习时要求学生熟练眼科检查设备的使用。来我院实习的维也纳大学医学院学生求知欲强、理论功底扎实，眼科教研室根据留学生的特点和需求制定具体而个性化的教学计划。通过配置优质师资，确保带教工作的开展；鼓励中外学生交流学习，形成互帮互助的学习团队；利用Wetlab实验室等条件增加留学生眼科实习的动手机会；采用问题式、启发式教学激发留学生的学习主动性。这些教学举措的实施，提高了留学生临床实习质量，提升了眼科临床教学水平，实现了可持续发展。

Ophthalmology belongs to microsurgical subject and anatomy is intricate. In clinical practice, students are required to skillfully use eye examination equipment. The foreign students from Medical School of Vienna University are eager to learn and know theoretical knowledge very well. Department of ophthalmology has developed specific and individualized teaching plans according to the characteristics and needs of foreign students. Through the configuration of high quality teachers, the practice teaching is ensured. Chinese and foreign students are encouraged to share their knowledge and form a study group. Opportunities for hands-on practice of ophthalmology are increased by using Wetlab condition. Problem-based heuristic teaching is used to stimulate students'' learning initiative. Through these teaching measures, the students'' quality of clinical practice has been enhanced, the teaching level of clinical ophthalmology has been improved and sustainable development has also b