"承应"一词并非清代专有,但是相对于其他历史时期来说,"承应"在清代更加术语化,更加体系化。文章主要探寻承应制度在清代宫廷戏曲中是如何自成体系的。

The word Chengying didn’t emerge in Qing Dynasty. Compared with other dynasties, this term Chengying in Qing Dynasty is more terminological and systematic. This article is to research how Chengying system was founded in the palace opera of Qing Dynasty.

清代官私藏书楼是保存典籍、传承文化的重要场所。清代最有代表性的官方藏书楼文渊阁是在私人藏书楼天一阁的规制上仿建的。通过对清代官私藏书楼的渊源、建筑规制、典藏管理等研究，认识到清代官私藏书楼对我国传统文化的传承和保护起到了重要作用。同时，对清代官私藏书楼的考察也有助于深入揭示中国藏书事业变化发展的内在规律和根本动力，为现代图书馆事业发展提供借鉴。

The official and possession Book House of Qing Dynasty as an academic activities and cultural initiatives is an important place for preserving books and cultural heritage. WenYuanGe is regarded as the most representative of the Qing Dynasty official library building. It is on the private collection of buildings converted Tianyi regulation. The culture and traditions of these unique characteristics have an important impact on the Qing government posses-sion origins,building regulations,collection management to a considerable extent on the cultural heritage of this u-nique tradition. On one hand,the Qing government possession Book House of China’s traditional cultural heritage and protection played an important role in response to vigorously protect existing ancient library building,on the oth-er hand,it helps to further reveal the inherent law of Chinese books career development and the fundamental driving force of change to provide a reference for the development of modern l

近三十年来的清代重庆史研究涉及商业、司法、社会生活、基层权力分割、地方行政、财政等几个方面。捕捉清代重庆史研究的最新动态，展现清代重庆社会的概貌。此外，本文还对未来深入这一领域的研究提出了一些设想。

The studies of Chongqing history in the Qing Dynasty within the past thirty years involve several aspects of commerce, judicial system, social life, power division at the grass-roots level, local administration and fiscal af-fairs. The anthor hopes to show the latest development in the researoh Chongqing history in the Qing Dynasty and help readers to understand the general picture of Chongqing in the Qing Dynasty. Besides that, the author also puts forward some suggestions to promote the future development of this research field.

清代小学研究发达,丛书收录小学著作的数量非常可观。综合性丛书收录小学著作,自《四库全书》以后,较明代有了较大发展。专科丛书在《说文》学著作和音韵学著作的汇辑上最为突出。此外,由于清代辑佚学的兴盛,辑佚类丛书中收录小学著作的数量也比较多。清代丛书汇集小学著作,对清代以来的语言学及语言学史研究,是重要的文献基础,具有很高的学术价值。

Linguistics works research were developed in Qing Dynasty ,and the series of books included the number of linguistics works were very considerable .Comprehensive series included linguistics works had a bigger develop-ment over that in Ming Dynasty after Complete Works of Chinese Classics .Specialized Series were the most promi-nent in works of Shuo Wen and phonology .In addition ,due to the prosperity of manuscript studies in Qing Dynas-ty ,the number of linguistics works included was big as well .Collection of linguistics works in Qing Dynasty is an important literature foundation and of the very high academic value for the study on linguistics and history of lin -guistics .

清代古文选本的编选和评点活动极为兴盛。从编选来看，提高八股文写作水平是古文选本编选的最终目的；崇尚理学，发挥教化作用是古文选本编选的重要宗旨；古文选本的选家普遍具有教师身份，选本具有便于初学的特点。从评点来看，清代古文选本的评点符号具有特定的形态及涵义；评语内容主要包括对文章历史背景与思想内容的阐释，对文章创作经验的总结以及对文章的鉴赏品评。清代古文选本的文学批评意义主要表现为，古文选本表达了对儒家正统文学观念的认同；对于认识清代古文宗尚有一定意义；促进了清代古文理论的丰富和发展。

Selecting and editing the ancient prose anthologies flourished in Qing Dynasty.This movement aimed to improve the writing level of eight-part essay and advocate neo-Confucianism.Most of the editors are also teachers, which makes the anthologies become easy for the beginner.The marks of the comments have specific forms and meanings, and the comments covered from historical background and ideological contents to the summary of the creative experience and the appreciation of these anthologies .The ancient prose anthologies of Qing Dynasty showed us the traditional Confucianism literary concepts and made us know better about the trend of literature of that time, these anthologies enriched and developed the literary theory of Qing Dynasty as well.