传播仪式观重构了传播的模式,以"仪式观"观之,新闻发布会是仪式进程的展演。在数字媒介生成的虚拟情境下,新闻发布会从现实仪式演变为媒介仪式。应重视新闻发布会的仪式建构,从角色构成、角色行为、时空要素、情境等层面强化仪式的象征意义,以建立仪式秩序、实现仪式目的。

The ritual view of communication reconstructs the mode of communication,from which the press con-ference can be regarded as the performance of ceremony process. In the virtual context generated by the digital media,the press conference evolves from the actual ceremony to the media ritual. Great emphasis should be put on the ritual construction of the press conference. Hence the symbolic meaning of the ceremony is suggested to be strengthened at the levels of role structure,role behavior,space-time factors and situation and so on so as to create the ritual order and achieve the ritual purpose.

"於菟"是存在于热贡地区的祭祀二郎山神的仪式,每年农历十一月举行。借用英国人类学家维克多·特纳的"阈限"理论,对"於菟"仪式进行解读。文中所列举的仪式细节来自笔者于2013年1月在青海省同仁县年都乎村的调研资料。通过用"前阈限-阈限-后阈限"的三段论格式分析"於菟"仪式中的"交融"状态,探讨"於菟"仪式如何影响社区结构,重点考察"交融"状态下仪式参与者和参观者之间的互动。与传统单一信仰的仪式环境不同,现代民俗仪式中游客的介入不容忽视,仪式的神圣性受到旁观者的挑战。"阈限"理论在被用于讨论青藏高原民俗仪式时,须进行本土化的思考才能更好地在多元文化视角下分析仪式。

“Yu Tu” is the mountain god worship ceremony presenting in the Regong area held every year lunar cal -endar in November .The paper borrowed from the British anthropologist victor Turner ''s theory of“threshold” to interpret“in Tu” ceremony .Details of the ceremony listed in this paper is from the survey data of Tongren village of Qinghai province in January of 2013 .By using threshold-a threshold-before“threshold”of syllogism format to analysis “Yu Tu”ceremony of “blending” status, this paper discusses how to influence the community structure “Yu Tu” ceremony, and focuses on “blending”ceremony of the interaction between the participants and visitors .Being different from the tradi-tional single religious ceremony environments , tourists involvement in modern folk ritual should not be ignored , the sanctity of the ceremony meets the challenge from the onlookers .When using the “Threshold theory” to discuss the Qinghai-tibet plateau folk ritual , we must have

政治仪式是巩固国家政权的重要政治传播渠道,古往今来,时间的累积和历史的演进将政治仪式推向神圣化,历时性的使用使政治仪式从传统中获得理据性,强化了政治仪式的神圣性。现代社会中,各国通过政治仪式符合文本聚合轴的选择与使用传播政治意图、完善政治体系、推进政治文明,共时性的使用使政治仪式具有普适性并获得普遍理据性。历时和共时交汇的政治仪式符号文本有相对稳定的结构和规则,是有效的政治传播手段和权力维护手段。

The political ritual is an important channel of political transmission in the consolidation of the state power.Political ritual through all years became sanctified with the course of the time and the evolution of the history.Political ritual acquired a foundation from the tradition in a diachronic use, with which to make the political ritual holy.In the modern society,countries use the political ritual in line with the axis of the polymerization symbol text,in order to spread the political intentions,improve the political system,and promote the political civilization.Political ritual acquired a universality and general motivation in a synchronic use.The symbol text of political ritual attached by the diachronic and synchronic channel has a relatively stable structure and rules,and it is an effective means of politi-cal ritual communication and power maintenance.

范·热内普的"过渡仪式"理论是人类学、民俗学仪式研究的一种经典走向,他将仪式看成是一个过渡的动态进程,内含着前后相继的三个阶段:分隔-边缘-聚合。这一研究取向直接影响了埃德蒙·利奇、玛丽·道格拉斯、维克多·特纳等后来学者,他们在仪式理论体系的建构上都是对"过渡仪式"理论的继承和发展。在神圣与世俗间,范氏用"过渡性"来表达仪式不断前进的状态,使得仪式参与者的社会状态、社会身份以及生命任务的转变在这一进程中逐步"合法化",更好地整合了人的生命过程与"社会化"过程。然而,建立在时间和空间基础之上的过渡仪式理论体系仍需要从"多向度、多层次、多维度的过渡或通过与多层级的‘分割机制’"来进行解读,才能具有穷尽的解释力。

Theory of“rite of passage”by Van Gennep is a kind of classical trend in the field of anthropology and folklore ceremony researching,which regards rite as a transitional and dynamic process that contains a succession of three stages:separation,margin,and integration.Van’s study had influenced the after scholars directly,such as Edmund Leach,Ma-ry Douglas,Victor Turner,and so on,who had inherited and developed the theory of“rites of passage”.Between the sa-cred and the secular,Van Gennep made the “transitional”to express the continuous state of rite,that can make the so-cial state,social status,the shift of life of the participants in this process to“legal”gradually,or to further integrate the process of life and the “socialization”process.However,the theory system of“rite of passage”that is built upon time and space still needs the transition of“Multi-dimensionality”,“Multi-level”and “Multi-dimension”,or the multi-level“segmentation strategy”to be interpre

学校仪式具有重要的思想政治教育价值，但目前却出现了不同程度的形式化、程式化和神秘化等不良倾向。新时期学校仪式建设与优化，要坚持主体性原则，尊重学生的自主性、培养创造性、突出发展性，立足实际，走进生活，贴近学生；坚持协调性原则，协调好学校仪式教育与学校文化建设、家庭仪式教育；坚持创新性原则，做到体现时代性，遵循规律性。加强制度化建设和艺术化设计是学校仪式思想政治教育价值实现的有效方法和途径。

Currently,the school presented a formal ceremony to varying degrees,stylized,mystical tendency,seriously affect-ing the realization of the value of its ideological and political education. New era school ritual reconstruction,should adhere to the principle of subjectivity,respect the autonomy of the students,develop creativity,highlight the development of resistance,based on reality,into the lives of nearly students;adhere to the principle of coordination,and coordinate the construction of the school cere-monies education and culture school,family social rituals education;insist the principle of innovation,so the times,follow the reg-ularity. Strengthening institutional building and artistic design is an effective method and means of ideological and political education school ceremonies value reconstruction.