利用抚顺市章党站2012年1月期间常规气象要素观测资料以及MICAPS分析资料,通过温度变化方程,对1月部分最低气温与850 h Pa的温度变化进行了对比分析。结果表明:850 h Pa的温度主要受平流变化和绝热变化的影响。多数情况下,1 000 h Pa的平流与850 h Pa的平流保持同步变化,且1 000 h Pa的冷平流变温幅度大于850 h Pa的冷平流变温幅度。地面气温的变化主要受非绝热变化的影响,由此决定了地面气温的变化常常与850 h Pa温度的变化不一致。

Based on the meteorological observation data and MICAPS data during January,2012 of Zhangdang Station in Fushun City,the minimum temperature and the temperature in 850 hPa were compared and analyzed by temperature variation equation.The results showed thatThe temperature of 850 hPa was mainly affected by the temperature variation of the advection term and adiabatic term.In most cases,the advection term appeared synchronize variation in 1 000 hPa and 850 hPa.The temperature range of cold advection was greater in 1 000 hPa than in 850 hPa.The air temperature is mainly affected by the non adiabatic item in surface,so the temperature often showed no synchronize changes in surface and 850 hPa.

选取2008-2011年湖北省7个暖干类暴雨个例，利用GFS的0.5°×0.5°再分析资料进行合成分析。结果表明：湖北暖干类暴雨过程中，正涡度平流不是大范围出现，而是以正涡度平流核的形式出现并随着风场流转，使暴雨区各层涡度平流的配置快速发生变化，易引起上升运动的突然加强；暖平流从中高层扩展至整层，强暖平流中心出现在临近暴雨发生时的边界层，热力强迫导致低层强辐合，950 hPa上下强暖平流中心与暴雨点位置较一致，对暖干类暴雨的预报有较好的指示意义；中层干空气和低层暖湿空气的侵入是暴雨区对流不稳定增长的主要影响因子，均与副热带高压的西伸发展有关。

Base on the 0.5 °×0.5 °NCEP-GFS reanalysis data,seven warm-dry heavy rain events from 2008 to 20 1 1 in Hubei province were analyzed.The results indicate that positive vorticity advection doesn′t occur in large areas during a warm-dry heavy rain process,but moves with wind as a positive vorticity advection core,which leads to rapid variation of vorticity advection in different tropospheric layers over the heavy rain areas.This is easy to make the upward motion strengthened suddenly.Warm advection expands from mid-upper troposphere to the whole troposphere;strong warm advection center appears in boundary layer where the heavy rains just occur;ther-mal forcing action leads to strong convergence in lower troposphere;locations of upper-lower strong warm advec-tion center of 950 hPa and heavy rain area are similar;the above four conditions are indicative to prediction of warm-dry heavy rain.Invasion of dry air in the middle troposphere and warm-moist air in the lower troposphe

本文通过对2000年以来中国近百次强对流天气个例的环境场进行分析，并查阅大量文献资料，综合考虑强对流天气形成的热力不稳定、动力抬升和水汽这三个基本条件出发，从强对流的不稳定条件和主要触发条件的角度，提出中国强对流天气5种基本类别：冷平流强迫类、暖平流强迫类、斜压锋生类、准正压类、高架对流类，并给出了基本解释。高空冷平流强迫类的典型特征是500hPa以上的中高层强干冷平流加强并移到边界层内暖性的辐合带中。暖平流强迫类的主要特征则是不稳定发展主要源于低层强烈的暖湿平流。斜压锋生类的特征是中低层冷暖空气强烈交汇产生的深厚对流，即斜压锋生造成的强对流往往表现为高空干冷平流和低空暖湿平流都很强烈。准正压类多发生在夏季副热带高压外侧或内部、温度梯度较弱的地区，流场上的动力强迫和和地面局地受热不均起主要作用。高架对流类的特征是700500hPa强的西南急流在边界层内的冷垫上被抬升，不稳定能量是来自700hPa以上。通过从形成机制的差异性进行分类，有助于更好地把握各种强对流过程中不同的天气特征、系统配置、动力热力特征及其短期潜势分析重点，为进一步提高该类天气的预报预警水平提供更多的技术支持。

Based on the synoptic environment analysis of about 100 severe convection cases in China since 2000 and the reference of related literatures,from the perspectives of the three essential conditions for the development of severe convection,namely the thermal instability,lift and moisture,five basic synoptic sit-uation configurations of severe convection in China are proposed and expounded.They are cold advection forcing category,warm advection forcing category,baroclinic frontogenesis category,quasi-barotropic cat-egory and elevated thunderstorm category.The typical characteristics of the upper cold advection forcing category is that the mid-upper strong cold advection above 500 hPa strengthens and reaches the boundary warm convergence zone.The warm advection forcing category is characterized by trough with special structure moving over low-level strong warm and moist advection.The deep convection produced by the mid-lower layer convergence of cold and warm air features the baroclinic fr

进入东海的热带气旋（TC）每年有3．2个，转向或者登陆将造成不同的影响。通过对这两类TC登陆或转向前后，形势场和物理量场的合成分析得到：转向类TC，副热带高压（以下简称副高）弱，东侧呈块状；西风带强，离TC近；中高层西风急流明显，急流在向东移动过程中有增强趋势；TC东北方高层辐散增强，在中低层有正涡度平流，涡度平流中心清晰。而登陆类TC，副高强，呈宽带状；西风带弱，离TC远；西风急流不明显，没有增强，高层急流中心位于TC的西北方和北方；TC东北方高层没有明显的辐散流出，中低层正涡度平流位于TC的西北方和北侧，涡度平流中心不清晰。转向或登陆前72h各特点已有显示，前48h其特征更加明显。

There are 3 .2 tropical cyclones (TCs)entering into the East China Sea on average every year. Recurvature or landfall of these TCs will make different effects.The comparative analysis on the situations and physical fields of recurving TCs and landfalling TCs shows that in the case of recurving TCs,subtropi-cal high is weak and the east part of it is in massive shape;westerly belt is strong and close to TC;the middle- and upper-level westerly jets are significant and get intensified as they move eastward;the upper-level divergence at the northeast of TC enhances while notable positive vorticity advection is found in the middle- and low-levels of TC with clear advection center.However,in the case of landfalling TCs,sub-tropical high is strong and in broad belt shape;westerly belt is weak and distant from TC;westerly j et is not notable and is not intensified;the upper-level j et center is located in the northwest and north of TC;no remarkable upper-level divergence occurs in the northeas

利用“内蒙古微气象观测蒸发试验”的数据，估算了我国西北干旱区典型均匀裸土下垫面条件下的空气热储存和垂直平流输送，并分析了空气热储存项和垂直平流输送项对干旱区地表能量不闭合的影响。研究发现：由于干旱区温度梯度大，热力抬升作用较强，即使在均匀下垫面条件下也存在可观的垂直平流输送。在地表能量平衡方程中引入空气热储存项和垂直平流输送项之后，二者对能量不闭合的平均补偿分别达到1．0 W/m2和7．1 W/m2，闭合度分别提高2％和14％，地表能量不平衡残差平均值由26．4 W/m2减小到18．2 W/m2，地表能量闭合度由82％提升到98％，干旱区地表能量平衡有明显改善。

Based on the data of“Micrometeorological Observation and Evaporation Experiment in Inner Mongolia”,the air heat storage and vertical advection under the typical homogeneous and bare soil underlying surface conditions in arid region of northwest China were estimated,firstly.And on this basis the influence of the air heat storage and vertical advection terms on the surface energy unclosing in the arid region of temperate zone were analyzed.The results showed that the thermal lifting was stronger because of the large temperature gradient in arid area.Consequently,there was considerable vertical advection even if under the homogeneous underlying surface condi-tions.When the air heat storage and vertical advection terms were introduced to the surface energy balance equation,the compensation for the energy non-closure reached averagely about 1.0 W/m2 and 7.1 W/m2,and the closure improved about 2%and 14%,respec-tively.Meanwhile,the residuals of surface energy imbalance decreased f